The goal of most immigrants to Canada is to acquire citizenship. In order to qualify for citizenship in Canada, permanent residents must maintain their permanent residence status, and they must remain physically in Canada for three years out of the previous four years, prior to applying. Once they have fulfilled the residency requirement they can apply for citizenship through the processing centre in Sydney, Nova Scotia. These applications can take a year or more to process and applicants must pass a knowledge test in English or French. Applicants who have problems passing the written test may be examined by way of an oral exam with a Citizenship Judge.